ABSTRACT
Frugal Innovation (FI), a growing field in innovation and management literature, is at the forefront of economic development and growth, more importantly for developing economies. Moreover, the volatile and uncertain times during COVID-19, and the ongoing crisis calls for FI echoed by environmental, social and economic needs across the globe, thus making researchers and practitioners realize the importance of FI. The primary aim of this chapter is to comprehend the extant literature, ascertain the knowledge gaps in the current literature and identify promising future research directions in FI. Through a detailed review of the antecedents, enablers, emerging areas of application and the impact on sustainable development, we propose a conceptual framework for FI in this chapter. Despite the vastness of this market, we argue that there is a huge potential of FI, which presents a prodigious opportunity in the underdeveloped markets to serve and identify fortunes at the bottom of the pyramid. This study links FI closely with concepts like reverse innovation, sustainability, circular economy, digital effectuation and offers insights for scaling up FI from developing to developed economies. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Renu Agarwal, Eric Patterson, Sancheeta Pugalia and Roy Green;individual chapters, the contributors.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pneumonia with severe respiratory failure represents the principal cause of death in COVID-19, where hyper-inflammation plays an important role in lung damage. An effective treatment aiming at reducing the inflammation without preventing virus clearance is thus urgently needed. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, has been proposed for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Early use of tocilizumab prevents sudden deterioration of patient but after 15 days cavitary lesions are found in HRCT chest which is manageable. Objectives: To discuss the use of early tocilizumab in severe COVID pneumonia patients. Materials and methods: A 46-year-old Indian man presented in casualty with the complaint of shortness of breath, cough fever since 5 days admitted in COVID ward after COVID-19 RT-PCR tested positive HRCT chest shows 90% lung involvement. The initial patient was vitally stable with SpO2 98 with 15 L oxygen support NRBM, respiratory rate was 18/minute. ABG shows mild hypoxia. On day 2, the patient started deteriorating, not maintaining saturation on NRNM support taking on NIV support. Worsening of blood marker started. We plan for use of early tocilizumab 400 mg. The next day tocilizumab was given. The patient intubated and took on AC/VC support. After 5 days, the patient successfully extubated. On the seventh day, the patient extubate Results: Use of early tocilizumab prevents sudden deterioration of patient with 90% lung involvement but after 20 days cavitary lesions found which is manageable. Discussions: The patient came with severe pneumonia due to COVID. Tocilizumab was given on the third day of admission. The blood marker shows regular improvement. The patient intubated then extubated. Cavitary lesion developed. Oxygen requirement slowly decreases. Bronchoscopy shows normal findings. BAL shows tubercular etiology. ATT started. After 30 days, the patient successfully discharge. Conclusion: Tocilizumab can be beneficial to the suddenly deteriorating patients due to hyperimmune reaction if the timing of administration is right.